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Articles
Astronomers discover the largest structure in the universe
An international team of astronomers, led by academics from the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan), has found the largest known structure in the universe.
The large quasar group (LQG) is so large that it would take a vehicle travelling at the speed of light some 4 billion years to cross it.
The team publish their results in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
The coloured background indicates the peaks and troughs in the occurrence of quasars at the distance of the LQG.
Darker colours indicate more quasars, lighter colours indicate fewer quasars.
The LQG is clearly seen as a long chain of peaks indicated by black circles. (The red crosses mark the positions of quasars in a different and smaller LQG).
The horizontal and vertical axes represent right ascension and declination, the celestial equivalent of longitude and latitude.
The map covers around 29.4 by 24 degrees on the sky, indicating the huge scale of the newly discovered structure. Credit: R. G. Clowes / UCLanQuasars are the nuclei of galaxies from the early days of the universe that undergo brief periods of extremely high brightness that make them visible across huge distances.
These periods are 'brief' in astrophysics terms but actually last 10-100 million years.
Since 1982 it has been known that quasars tend to group together in clumps or 'structures' of surprisingly large sizes, forming large quasar groups or LQGs.
The team, led by Dr Roger Clowes from UCLan's Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, has identified the LQG which is so significant in size it also challenges the Cosmological Principle: the assumption that the universe, when viewed at a sufficiently large scale, looks the same no matter where you are observing it from.
The modern theory of cosmology is based on the work of Albert Einstein, and depends on the assumption of the Cosmological Principle. The Principle is assumed but has never been demonstrated observationally 'beyond reasonable doubt'.
To give some sense of scale, our galaxy, the Milky Way, is separated from its nearest neighbour, the Andromeda Galaxy, by about 0.75 Megaparsecs (Mpc) or 2.5 million light-years.
Whole clusters of galaxies can be 2-3 Mpc across but LQGs can be 200 Mpc or more across. Based on the Cosmological Principle and the modern theory of cosmology, calculations suggest that astrophysicists should not be able to find a structure larger than 370 Mpc.
Dr Clowes' newly discovered LQG however has a typical dimension of 500 Mpc. But because it is elongated, its longest dimension is 1200 Mpc (or 4 billion light years) - some 1600 times larger than the distance from the Milky Way to Andromeda.
Dr Clowes said:
"While it is difficult to fathom the scale of this LQG, we can say quite definitely it is the largest structure ever seen in the entire universe. This is hugely exciting – not least because it runs counter to our current understanding of the scale of the universe.
"Even travelling at the speed of light, it would take 4 billion years to cross. This is significant not just because of its size but also because it challenges the Cosmological Principle, which has been widely accepted since Einstein. Our team has been looking at similar cases which add further weight to this challenge and we will be continuing to investigate these fascinating phenomena."
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Science contact
Dr Roger G. Clowes
Reader in Astrophysics
University of Central Lancashire
Tel: +44 (0)1772 893 526
rgclowes@uclan.ac.uk
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Media contact
Dr Robert Massey
Royal Astronomical Society
Tel: +44 (0)20 7734 3307 x214
Mob: +44 (0)794 124 8035
rm@ras.org.uk
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Images and captions
An artist's impression of a quasar (with caption and image credit) is available from the European Southern Observatory
http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1122a/
A map of the distribution of quasars that make up the newly discovered LQG can be downloaded fromhttp://www2.uclan.ac.uk/adv/skydist_Huge-LQG_CCLQG.jpg
Caption:
The coloured background indicates the peaks and troughs in the occurrence of quasars at the distance of the LQG. Darker colours indicate more quasars, lighter colours indicate fewer quasars.
The LQG is clearly seen as a long chain of peaks indicated by black circles. (The red crosses mark the positions of quasars in a different and smaller LQG).
The horizontal and vertical axes represent right ascension and declination, the celestial equivalent of longitude and latitude.
The map covers around 29.4 by 24 degrees on the sky, indicating the huge scale of the newly discovered structure.
Credit: R. G. Clowes / UCLan
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Further information
Dr Clowes worked with Kathryn Harris (UCLan), Srinivasan Raghunathan, Luis E. Campusano (Universidad de Chile), Ilona K. Sochting (University of Oxford) and Matthew J. Graham (California Institute of Technology).
The team's paper will be published online in the Oxford University Press journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society at 9am on Friday 11 January. After the embargo expires the paper will be available viahttp://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/01/07/mnras.sts497.full
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Notes for editors
The University of Central Lancashire (UCLan) has developed an enviable reputation as an institution that innovates, evolving its course portfolio to over 500 undergraduate programmes and 180 postgraduate courses. The University has an established research reputation within the areas of Business, Health, Humanities and Science. In the recent Research Assessment Exercise, all 17 subject areas submitted were rated as containing research of international excellence while 11 areas were assessed to be undertaking research which is world-leading. With approximately 35,000 students, the University indirectly contributes close to £250 million into the regional economy every year. UCLan is currently in the process of spending more than £120 million on new buildings and facilities to support teaching, learning and leisure activities.
The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS, www.ras.org.uk
http://www.ras.org.uk/component/content/article/224-news-2013/2212-astronomers-discover-the-largest-structure-in-the-universe
REFLEXÕES
"O que sabemos é uma gota; o que ignoramos é um oceano."
(Isaac Newton)
quarta-feira, 4 de dezembro de 2013
DESCOBERTA CONTRADIZ TEORIA DO BIG BANG
“Embora seja difícil de entender a dimensão deste ‘grande grupo de quasares’ (LQG), podemos dizer com toda a certeza que é a maior estrutura já vista em todo o Universo”, disse o Dr. Clowes, da Universidade Central de Lancashire’s Jeremiah Horrocks Institute.
“Isso é extremamente empolgante, porque vai contra a nossa compreensão atual da escala do Universo. Mesmo viajando na velocidade da luz, levaríamos cerca de quatro bilhões de anos para atravessar essa estrutura. Isso é importante não apenas por causa de seu tamanho, mas também porque desafia o princípio cosmológico, que tem sido amplamente aceito desde Einstein. Nossa equipe tem estudado casos semelhantes que agregam ainda mais peso a esse desafio, e vamos continuar a investigar esses fenômenos fascinantes.”
Esse grande grupo de quasares desafia o princípio cosmológico, a suposição de que o Universo, quando visto em uma escala suficientemente grande, tem a mesma aparência, não importa de onde você o esteja observando. A teoria moderna da cosmologia é baseada na obra de Albert Einstein, e depende do princípio cosmológico. O princípio é assumido, mas nunca foi demonstrado através de observações que não gerassem dúvidas.
Quasares são núcleos de galáxias dos “primeiros dias” do Universo. Um único Quasar emite de 100 a 1.000 vezes mais luz e energia do que uma galáxia inteira com 100 bilhões de estrelas. Eles se submetem a breves períodos de altíssimo brilho que os tornam visíveis através de grandes distâncias. Esses períodos são “breves” em termos de Astrofísica, mas na verdade são cerca de 10 a 100 milhões de anos. Desde 1982, tem sido aceito que os quasares tendem a se agrupar em grupos ou “estruturas” de dimensões surpreendentemente colossais, formando os grandes grupos de quasares, ou LQGs, na sigla em inglês.
Para dar uma noção de escala, nossa galáxia, a Via Láctea, está separada de sua vizinha mais próxima, a galáxia de Andrômeda, por cerca de 0,75 Megaparsecs (MPC), ou 2,5 milhões de anos-luz. Grupos de galáxias podem ter de 2 a 3 MPC, porém, os LQGs podem ter cerca de 200 MPC ou mais de diâmetro.
Com base no princípio cosmológico e na moderna teoria da cosmologia, cálculos sugerem que os astrofísicos não poderiam encontrar uma estrutura maior do que 370 MPC. O que eles não esperavam do recém-descoberto LQG é que sua dimensão fosse de 500 MPC. Como esse grupo de quasares é alongado, sua dimensão chega a 1.200 MPC (4 bilhões de anos-luz), cerca de 1.600 vezes maior do que a distância entre a Via Láctea e a galáxia de Andrômeda.
A cor de fundo da imagem ao lado indica os picos e depressões na ocorrência de quasares na distância do LQG. Cores mais escuras indicam mais quasares, cores mais claras indicam menos quasares. O LQG é claramente visto como uma longa cadeia de picos indicados por círculos pretos. (As cruzes vermelhas marcam as posições dos quasares em um LQG diferente e menor.) Os eixos horizontais e verticais representam ascensão reta e declinação, o equivalente celeste de longitude e latitude. O mapa cobre cerca de 29,4 por 24 graus no céu, indicando a grande escala da estrutura recém-descoberta.
A equipe publicou seus resultados na revista Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
http://ultimolivro.blogspot.com.br/2013/12/descoberta-contradiz-teoria-do-big-bang.html
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